By Lasisi Olagunju

When Christopher Columbus met the Tanio people in today’s Bahamas in 1492, he handed them a sword, they grasped it by the blade and had their fingers cut. To Columbus, that was enough proof that the Tanios lacked the right education and knowledge and therefore could be easily conquered.

Columbus wrote of that experience: “They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks’ bells. They willingly traded everything they owned…They were well built, with good bodies and handsome features…They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane…They would make fine servants…With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”

Before Columbus came with his sword, these people quietly ruled their world across present-day Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Bahamas, and the Virgin Islands. A large part of what we call the Caribbean today was their turf. They were a very good people in character and carriage. Their name, ‘Taíno’ itself means ‘good and noble.’ They made their modest contributions to the world of knowledge and, especially, to language. To English Language they donated the words ‘hammock,’ ‘canoe,’ ‘barbecue,’ ‘tobacco,’ and ‘hurricane’. There may be more.

They had their art and science. History and historians tell us that these people cultivated corn and yams, shaped fine brown pottery, spun cotton into thread, and crafted slender darts tipped with fish teeth and wood, deft weapons with which they defended their peaceful islands against their fierce, hostile neighbours, the Caribs, whose name endures in the Caribbean Sea. Robert M. Poole, a former editor of National Geographic and author of ‘Explorers House’ describes them as an “inventive people who learned to strain cyanide from life-giving yuca, developed pepper gas for warfare, devised an extensive pharmacopeia from nature, built oceangoing canoes large enough for more than 100 paddlers and played games with a ball made of rubber.” Yet, Columbus, the explorer and navigator from Europe, said they were ignorant, backward and weak and should be cheap food for the maggot of his sword. And that was because their knowledge was stale, their skills outdated.

Columbus visited on the Taíno not only the violence of the sword. His party also gave them slavery, diseases and other fatal afflictions beyond their knowledge and capacity to manage. They were so overwhelmed such that by the year 1550, just fifty-eight years after they encountered Columbus, the race was deemed extinct.

History teaches that those who fail to master the tools of their age become victims of it. What Columbus noticed and exploited was not total ignorance but tech and knowledge gaps; what he met were a good people, “inventive” but unfamiliar with iron and steel, the technology that defined power in that age of colonialism and conquest, of exploration and subjugation. Read ‘The American West: A New Interpretive History’ by Robert Hine and John Faragher. You may also read ‘Who Were the Taíno, the Original Inhabitants of Columbus’ Island Colonies?’ by Robert M. Poole in the October 2011 issue of the Smithsonian magazine. But as you read those texts and many more, think of our today and the Columbus in our lives.

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The weapon of power of this era is not steel but digital technology. Those who embrace it rule the world; those who don’t are ruled by it. The lesson from history is unmistakable: innovation ecosystems are not born, they are built to dominate. United States’ richest state is California. Its tech sector in 2024 generated $542.5 billion in direct economic impact. Check the history of its Silicon Valley, the role played in its rise by Stanford University, by the US military, the government and the organised private sector. If you read Christophe Lécuyer’s ‘Making Silicon Valley’ and J. A. Estruth in ‘A New Utopia: A Political History of the Silicon Valley, 1945 to 1995’, you would find that revolutions rarely begin by accident.

Here, while our village head keeps vigil over his guards, he leaves the children of the village unguarded. Millions are out of school; millions more who are in school are under-taught and under-trained because their teachers are hungry. Millions who managed to graduate are out there wondering what next. And they are all in the 21st century with the Columbuses of this age actively swording and enslaving them.

Nigeria routinely happens to its young. What does that mean? It is a shorthand for broken optimism. In the Yoruba cultural ecosystem, it is the world (aye), in its cosmic wickedness, at work. It is to say that the country’s realities have thrown their crushing weight at youthful hope and ambition. So, how will the victim of Nigeria escape Nigeria? There is only one escape route for the afflicted: make the appropriate sacrifices. And what are the votive offerings, items of appeasement: education, skills, jobs and character.

A lawyer and public affairs commentator, Eseroghene Mudiaga-Erhueh gave an offering in an edition of The Guardian last week. In beautiful, elegant prose, she cast a long look at what Nigeria has made of its young and declared that “today’s young Nigerian has two clear career paths: work legally and stay broke, or bend the rules and cash out.” It is a deep reflection on what life is for the youth of Nigeria – even for the not-so-young. The option that pays well and is profitable is the one that wears the jersey of crime.

“So true”, I told a Nigerian senator who shared the article with me. The writer was right; we can see it. The bird that won’t cut corners in Nigeria is the flightless creature outside, in the rain, drenched and hungry. The senator, in his response to the lawyer’s lamentation said it was “the Nigerian situation brilliantly encapsulated.” He was right.

In ‘The Problem of Poverty’ published in the November 1904 edition of the American Journal of Sociology, the author, Emil Münsterberg, German politician and jurist, tells us that it is in the nature of man to struggle against poverty and want. A man made poor by society, he says, “will either beg the means of subsistence from his fellows, or, if this fails, he will resort to fraud or force in his efforts to obtain it.” That is the dilemma of the law. Yahoo yahoo is a southern Nigerian affliction; youths who do it are, without shame, supported by their parents. The youths of the north who are not into begging (almajiri) are divided between banditry/mass kidnapping and commercial terrorism. The law has been unable to exercise its preventive powers over these crimes and the criminals. Prosecution has not worked, penalties have failed. And you ask why? “The history of poverty furnishes numerous proofs of the fact that the instinct of self-preservation is under all circumstances stronger than the fear of penalty.” That is Emil Münsterberg again. He says steps must be taken to anticipate the poor man’s instinctive action “by voluntarily supplying (him) with the means of satisfying his natural wants.” The society will be in self-deception if it thinks punishment is enough deterrence for crimes caused by deprivation.

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The bird of Nigeria sits on a tight rope. We can change service chiefs like diapers; we can employ marabouts to conjure peace and electoral victories. We can gag the bell and break the coconut of power on the head of the parrot. Nothing will work as long as poverty continues to pass seamlessly from parents to children, locking generations and generations in a continuous loop of deprivation.

Why are children born into poverty more likely to remain poor as adults? A Yoruba saying answers this sad, tragic question: Ìsé kìí mú oko l’áya k’ó má ran omo (poverty cannot afflict husband and wife and spare their children). I read a little of a 2024 book, ‘The Escape from Poverty’. The authors interrogate inter-generational perpetuation of poverty (IGPP) and its close correlation with child poverty and inequality. They conclude that “combating child poverty is key to ending inter-generational perpetuation of poverty, (and) ending inter-generational perpetuation of poverty is essential to reducing child poverty.” It is a cycle, and it is vicious. For us to have peace, it must be broken; but what does it take to break a cycle? James Clear, author of New York Times bestseller, ‘Atomic Habits’, says it only takes five minutes to break a cycle. The Gordian knot was proving difficult for Alexander the Great to untangle; he sliced it with his sword. The authors of ‘The Escape from Poverty’ list having or not having education as a key factor in determining whether a child will grow poor or not poor. They argue that breaking poverty cycles is not only a technical question but also a political one. Breaking the cycle of poverty in Nigeria requires more than slogans of renewed or recycled hopes, or doling out temporary relief measures; it demands deliberate investment in the transformative power of education, particularly digital education and skills acquisition.

We have history to guide us. In 1955, Western Nigeria dazed Nigeria with free primary education, the success of that leap created a super people. Other regions saw it, scrambled and copied it. In 2025, Nigeria fumbles with the matchbox; lighting the torch again has become one of the 12 impossible tasks assigned to Hercules.

Nigeria may be a bumbling behemoth but every cloud has a silver lining. I was at an Odu’a Investment Foundation’s digital education event organised for South Western Nigeria’s school children last Friday. Students from secondary schools from all parts of the South West, trained by the foundation, competed in a show of digital skills. They called it the Byte Busters club coding showcase. Restless Professor Seun Kolade of UK’s Sheffield Business School is the project director. In one short year, teenagers who once barely knew how to use a mouse displayed what the intervention empowered them to build: apps and AI tools, quiz platforms, CCTV and virtual school tours. I saw the Yoruba kitting their youths for a digital escape from the ravages of Nigeria and its suffocation. I saw problem-solving in structured, locally grounded ways. It is a quiet revolution. I saw nimble fingers ready to code their way out of the country’s frustrations. It was an eye opener.

“We are raising a generation of tech leaders…We are defining the future. We should have our own silicon valley in the South West; we have the talent,” chairman of the foundation’s advisory council, Ambassador Dr. Olatokunbo Awolowo Dosumu said as she marvelled at the genius showcased by the school teens plus the self-confidence they exuded. Her father did it in 1955; she is doing it in 2025.

Why do we need education at all? After all, people become presidents, governors and ministers without certificates. There have been so many sermons about teaching your children so that he will give you peace. So what will happen if a nation refuses to teach their children? They will become bandits and Yahoo boys and girls and their governors and senators will have no village or hometown to retire to; they will become homeless at home. Their country will tell horror stories like what our National Human Rights Commission announced four months ago: “At least 2,266 people were killed (by bandits and insurgents) in the first half of 2025, compared to 1,083 in the first half of 2024 and 2,194 for the full year last year.”

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The way to peace and prosperity is to build new ladders of opportunity for those historically left behind. The right education for our time must “teach the hand to work right, the head to think well, and the heart to choose rightly.” I do not know who to credit those words to. What I know, and sure of, is that from software development to remote service provision, the global demand for technology-enabled work grows daily. It should not be too difficult for Nigeria to know that a well-trained Nigerian youth population will compete and thrive beyond traditional boundaries; they will give the country peace of mind.

It is difficult to put a full stop to this without stressing that if children must be freed from the chains of penury that bind their parents, they must have the skills that sell today. The country will fall to the sharp edges of Columbus’s sword unless our home suckles success and kills failure. If nurtured through the keyboards, curiosity, and creativity of the Nigerian young, digital education will do for Nigeria what Silicon Valley did for California, a transformation of economy, of identity, of community, and of national purpose.

At the Ibadan event, I listened to retired Methodist Bishop Ayo Ladigbolu saying it his own episcopal way. Goats are curious because they were taught curiosity by their parents, Bishop Ladigbolu told his audience. He adds that what ram taught his own children makes them competent in locking horns (“èkó tí àgbò fi kó omo rè ní í fi í nkàn”). The education and skills which kittens got from their parent are what prepared and empowered them to jump walls (“èkó tí ológìnní fi kó omo rè ní í fi nf’ògiri”). The bishop dropped those deep Yoruba ancestral nuggets and added one more counsel: “K’á wo nkan re fi kó’mo wa…” (let us nurture our kids with noble skills). If you are wise, for this era, you would make the garment fit for this era. “Aso ìgbà ni àá dá fún’gbà.” The bishop was right. What kind of home sews loincloths, or even, nakedness for harmattan? That is what Nigeria has been doing for its youths. If this country won’t flow into extinction, it must redirect the course of its waters away from the desert.

“Àbá níí d’òótó, ojo kìí jé ká le ga.” The bishop again. And what does that mean? An attempt at translation here: Proposals are what lead to results; cowardice stunts. It is already getting late. Columbus wanted trade and its profits from the spice and silk of Asia. With his blade adequately whetted, he set out for his ambition in August 1492, he had more than Asia’s spice and silk. He got America’s federal capital named after him; he also had what has come to be known as ‘the new world.’ The explorer was successful because he had the requisite education; knowledge of Geography was his ‘digital’ skill. His life is a proof that with determination and the right education, it is possible to break any vicious cycle – and conquer the world. I enjoyed what Odu’a Investment Foundation showcased in Ibadan last week. Results come from attempts, the hesitant rarely grows.

In 2025, the global billionaire landscape continues to reflect shifting tides of innovation, industry dominance, and economic resilience. Despite market volatility and geopolitical challenges, a select group of nations still lead the world in wealth creation — with the United States, China, and India maintaining their stronghold at the top.

Here’s a detailed look at the six countries with the highest number of billionaires in 2025, based on the latest wealth reports:

1. United States

The United States remains the undisputed global leader in billionaire wealth, home to 902 billionaires with a combined fortune of $6.8 trillion.
This dominance is powered by the country’s thriving technology, finance, and entertainment industries, which continue to produce record numbers of ultra-wealthy individuals.

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Top names include Elon Musk ($342 billion), Mark Zuckerberg ($216 billion), Jeff Bezos ($215 billion), and Larry Ellison ($192 billion). America’s deep-rooted entrepreneurial culture and robust capital market make it the ultimate billionaire hub.

2. China

China ranks second with 450 billionaires, collectively worth $1.7 trillion.
Although slightly below its 2023 peak, China’s billionaire count rebounded from last year’s dip, showcasing the country’s continued economic vitality.

Major players include Zhang Yiming ($65.5 billion), founder of ByteDance, and Zhong Shanshan ($57.7 billion), whose bottled water and pharmaceutical ventures have made him one of Asia’s richest men. Despite regulatory challenges and slowing growth, China’s innovative spirit remains strong.

3. India

India holds the third position with 205 billionaires valued at $941 billion in total.
Leading figures such as Mukesh Ambani ($92.5 billion) and Gautam Adani ($56.3 billion) continue to shape the country’s industrial and economic trajectory.

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India’s wealth surge is fueled by its expanding technology, renewable energy, and consumer markets, positioning it as one of the fastest-growing wealth centers in the world.

4. Germany

Germany sits in fourth place with 171 billionaires, whose combined fortunes reach $793 billion, up by about $150 billion from last year.

The backbone of Europe’s industrial power, Germany’s wealth stems from manufacturing, retail, and logistics.
Among its richest citizens are Dieter Schwarz ($41 billion) of Lidl and Klaus-Michael Kühne ($39.6 billion) in global transport. The country’s commitment to industrial innovation and economic stability keeps it firmly among the world’s elite economies.

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5. Russia

Russia follows with 146 billionaires, up from 125 the previous year, collectively worth $625.5 billion.

Despite ongoing sanctions and economic hurdles, Russia’s oil, gas, and metals industries continue to produce immense wealth.

Prominent billionaires include Vagit Alekperov ($28.7 billion), Alexei Mordashov ($28.6 billion), and Leonid Mikhelson ($28.4 billion) — all key players in the nation’s energy sector. Russia’s economic adaptability has helped sustain its ultra-rich population amid global pressure.

6. France

France rounds out the list with 68 billionaires, who together control around $550 billion in assets.
The country’s billionaire base thrives on its luxury, fashion, and cosmetics industries, led by Bernard Arnault ($233 billion), the chairman of LVMH and one of the richest individuals on Earth.
With iconic brands like Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Hermès, France remains the undisputed capital of global luxury, consistently turning creativity into immense wealth.

The Administrator of the Presidential Amnesty Programme, Dr Dennis Otuaro, has expressed his unwavering commitment to ensuring that more indigent students and communities of the Niger Delta benefit from the PAP scholarship scheme.

He stated this while explaining what informed his decision to expand the scheme and increase formal education opportunities for poor students, and to build a huge manpower base in the region.

A statement issued by Mr Igoniko Oduma, Special Assistant on Media to the PAP boss said Otuaro spoke during an interactive session in London on Saturday with the beneficiaries of the scholarship initiative deployed for undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in universities across the United Kingdom.

The engagement, which was at the instance of the PAP boss, provided an opportunity for the Office and the scholarship students to discuss issues pertaining to their welfare and challenges with a view to addressing them.

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Otuaro said that while in-country scholarship deployment was 3800 in the 2024/2025 academic year, the figure increased to 3900 in the 2025/2026 and foreign scholarships were about 200.

He attributed the increase in deployment to the massive support of President Bola Tinubu and the Office of the National Security Adviser.

Otuaro stressed that he was greatly encouraged by the President and the NSA, Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, and that he knows how impressed both of them are concerning the PAP initiatives, which align with the Renewed Hope Agenda.

He reiterated his call on the students to justify the huge investment in their education by the Federal Government by studying hard to make good grades.

He also urged them to conduct themselves and be responsible ambassadors of Nigeria while in the U.K, stressing that “you will be adding value to your families and communities when you complete your programmes successfully.”

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The PAP helmsman said, “We want the scholarship programme to impact more students and communities in the Niger Delta. That’s why we have expanded it and increased formal education opportunities.

“We want you to take this opportunity very seriously so that the government, too, will be encouraged. I know how much support His Excellency, President Bola Tinubu GCFR, gives to the Presidential Amnesty Programme.

“Mr President and the National Security Adviser (NSA), Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, are very impressed with what we are doing. On your behalf I would like to, once again , thank His Excellency and the NSA for giving you this life-changing opportunity. We are confident that Mr President and the NSA will continue to support us.

“The knowledge you are receiving in your institutions today is to enable you plan yourself and prepare for the future. Whatever knowledge you gain cannot be taken from you.

“So as PAP scholarship students, we expect responsible and good behaviour from you. Government is investing heavily in you and you have the obligation to justify the investment. Be agents of change and avoid acts of mischief while in the U.K.”